The Significance of the Free Exploration of Musical Instruments in Early ChildhoodThis study aims to clarify the significance of the free exploration of musical instruments, including ethnic instruments, in early childhood.Many childcare settings in Japan use common instruments such as castanets, bells, and keyboard harmonicas, but their use is restricted to instructional contexts such as performances or sports festivals. This situation varies according to the philosophy of infant childcare, particularly in approaches that emphasise children's independence. Although customary musical training has already been highlighted (Bannan & Woodward 2009), there are various barriers to supporting young children’s instrumental play, including challenges related to instrument selection and environmental setup. Based on this awareness, I have been engaged in observational research on children engaging with musical instruments in free-play situations during childcare and have revealed the significance of such exploration (Ihara 2020, Ihara 2021, et al.). It is also clear that such exploration occurs differently depending on the instrument used. Drawing on these insights, I will continue my observational research to substantiate the value of instrumental exploration, including ethnic musical instruments. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the exploratory process of young children and its significance in their development through observations using instruments that are not conventionally used in childcare settings.This study included two research methods: 1) Observation: I created a small music area in kindergarten with instruments, including ethnic examples such as ghungroo, African percussion instruments, and wooden tom sets. Fieldwork was conducted in a public kindergarten in Tokyo approximately once a month. 2) Interview: Teachers were interviewed regarding their impressions of the practice. They have been familiar with this practice for several years and have observed it.I found that children’s play exhibited remarkable diversity, surpassing adults’ assumptions. The unique characteristics of ethnic musical instruments, such as their material and shape, appeared to actively stimulate children's curiosity and actions. Moreover, the diversity of these instruments seemed to dissolve the traditional boundaries between teaching and learning, enabling adults to engage in musical exploration alongside their children as co-participants.The findings suggest the potential for transforming conventional practices in early childhood music education.